A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok
A Thesis
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) of English Language
The Faculty of Education for Language and Arts of IKIP Mataram
By
Abdul Muhid,A.Md
NIM:06.411.005
The Faculty of Education for Language and Arts of IKIP Mataram Institute of Education and Teacher Training
Approval page
This is to certify that the Thesis of Abdul Muhid,A.Md has been approved on… March 2008
Acknowledged;
First Consultant Second Consultant
Drs.Lalu Dasmara,M.A J u p r i, S.Pd
RATIFICATION
A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok
By
ABDUL MUHID,A.Md
NIM: 06.411.005
Accepted by the Board of Examiners of the Faculty of Education for Language and Arts on ……March 2008
And declared to have fulfilled the requirement to achieve the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd)
Institute of Education and Teacher Training
Board examiners
Drs. Lalu Dasmara,M.A
Lecture, the faculty of education for language and arts -------------------------
J u p r i,S.Pd
Lecture, the faculty of education for language and arts -------------------------
Drs. H. Ketah Nursalam,M.M
Lecture, the faculty of education for language and arts -------------------------
Mataram, ……March 2008
Dean
Drs. I Ketut Warta,M.S
Motto:
I Do My Best to Myself, You Do Your Best to Yourself/ves, We Do Our Best to Ourselves, The Best Yes!!!
Dedication:
This thesis is dedicated to: My beloved Mother and late father, sister and brother, my little nephew, all of my families, my friends and my lovely soul mate
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Lord of creation, the composing of this thesis, which takes the title “A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok” is already finish. Where the inscription of this thesis is made-up be, able to fulfil the conditions to reach degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in IKIP Mataram.
Next, the writer himself with the wholly heart sends his gratitude to the Dean of The Faculty of Language and Arts; Drs. I Ketut Warta,M.S who takes great deals of responsibilities towards The Faculty of Language and Arts, then he also conveys special gratitude to the lovely first consultant; Drs. L Dasmara,M.A who is kindly sharing his knowledge and devoting his time in giving advise, checking and correcting this thesis. And special thanks to the lovely second consultant; Jupri,S.Pd who devoted his time and knowledge in guiding the writer during the composing of this thesis. Thanks to all of the lecturers of IKIP Mataram, especially to the lecturers who chaired ELT Research and Linguistics. And to all friends who helped the writer in collecting the data, he sends the unspeakable thanks for their help.
And, the greatest gratitude to the beloved parents who always supported the writer during study in IKIP Mataram.
Mataram,……March 2008
Table of Contents
Pages
Cover
Approval Page
Ratification
Motto & Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2. Problem of Statement 3
1.3. Assumption 3
1.4. Objective of The Study 4
1.5. Scope and Limitation of The Study 4
1.6. Significance of The Study 4
1.7. Definition of Key Terms 5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Language and Linguistics 7
2.2. Language Acquisition 8
2.3. Language Varieties 9
2.4. Dialects 10
2.5. Over View of Dialect 10
2.6. Classification of Dialect 10
2.7. Sasak Dialects 11
2.8. Sentence 12
2.9. Phrase Level 13
2.10. Clause 14
2.11. Words 14
2.12. Affixes Verb 15
2.13. Passive Construction 16
2.14. Passive Properties 16
2.15. Previous of The Study 20
2.16. Source of Information 20
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY
3.1. Subject of the study 22
3.2. Population of the Study 22
3.3. Method of Collecting Data 22
3.4. Research Design 23
3.5. Data Collecting 23
3.6. Data Analysis 23
CHAPTER IV : RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. ‘Te’ with Passive Construction 26
4.2. ‘ Isiq’ Construction 28
4.3. The Form of Passive Construction 28
4.4. Sasak Canonical Passives 29
4.5. Inverted Passives 31
4.6. Accidental Passives 32
4.7. Adversative Passives 33
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusion. 34
5.2. Suggestions 35
Bibliography x
Attachments xx
Abreviations xxi
Biography xxii
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok”. This thesis deals with passive construction in Sasak especially pujut dialect. In doing this research, the writer collected the data by having note taking as primary data while having conversation with people who are speaking Sasak as their native language. Then after the data were collected the writer tried to analyze and consulted the data to the consultant, after that the writer put the data into the discussion. The data analysis shows that the passive construction in Sasak Language is divided into four kinds are; Sasak Canonical Passives, Sasak Adversative, Sasak Accidental Passive, Sasak Inverted Passive. And finally the writer put them in conclussion.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Lombok is one of the islands that is included into Indonesian state and located between two islands; Bali and Sumbawa. According to (Safi’i;1999:12), it lies between 80 12’ and 90 south across and between 115 0 44’- 1160 40 east longitude, the wide of Lombok is about 4.738,70 Km2 . People communicate by means of a language. This language is the system understood by the people involved in the communication. Basically, each of the people involved in a conversation speaks differently although the language they use is exactly the same. This individual difference does not give a significant influence in understanding one another. Sometimes the difference reflects different groups of people. In spite of this difference, the people manage to understand and keep their communication going on. These different dialects are usually referred to as language dialects varieties.
The use of different varieties of language dialects in one community is a common practice. This reflects the efforts of the community members to make communication among them keep running. This practice occurs in open communities, where the members do not live exclusively from other communities. In this situation it is very likely that their cultures, including their languages. For open communities this condition will be readily accepted (or at least it can’t be avoided or rejected). The real problem lies on the process where the members of the community struggle against the difficulty in understanding and using the new variety; the more distinct and complicated the new variety is, the more difficult the process will be.
All along the period, people always learn language, because the language has crucial rule in the real life. It is imaginable, without language how the world will be. But probably for its customary, language is infrequently has not attention, and usually supposed as common things as human being walking or breathing. Language is not just spoken but also alliance by its rule, in this case syntax.
Language is the rigid system of patterns of contrastive features through, which the individual speech acts of a speaker becomes effective substitute stimuli (signal) for hearer by it all human beings acquainted and understands one another. Almost whole the educational institutions, which open program of Diploma Three (D-3) or Strata (S-1) of language, teach their students about linguistics. The knowledge of it is not as a requirement to fulfil the assignment merely, but it will be a provision in enriching the concepts about language, especially in high level. Syntax is one of the branches of linguistics that learns about sentence. Syntax holds crucial rule, for language that is used in communicating the contents of language itself.
The writer is interested at knowing deeper about Sasak language as his first language, which he uses in daily activities, the writer also wants to describe or explain a bit about Sasak language to the readers how to passivize Sasak language and what kind of passive construction in Sasak language is. Beside that this research is as the proof of the writer who has studied the linguistics especially about syntax and research lecturing. Then based on the statement above he gets inspiration to have curiosity to analyse how to passivize and how the forms of Sasak language passive construction are. And in his research, he gives the title “ A Syntactical Analysis of Passive construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok”.
1.2 Problem of Statement
Due to prior discussions, which state a lot about background of the study, of the language that will be discussed. There appear problems in the writer’s mind, which make him is very curious about the forms of Sasak language especially for passive construction and this research is focused on finding the answers to the following question:
1. What are the forms of Sasak language in passive construction?
2. How to passivize Sasak language?
1.3 Assumption
Syntax is as one of main point of subject lecturing of linguistics that contributes a plenty of knowledge, and it interests the writer in doing syntactical research about Sasak language in passive construction. The Sasak language in passive construction is beneficial to identify, remembering that, the users of the Sasak language do not properly notice the passive construction syntactically; which is used for daily communication. And by presenting this research hopefully, this research can help the users of Sasak language to use the Sasak language appropriately.
1.4 Objective of the Study
Based on the problems mentioned, the writer wants to present the discussion toward the readers about the passive constructions that exist in Sasak language, and how to passivize the Sasak, especially to the students of language department and to the students of IKIP Mataram in general.
This research also aim at knowing a lot about Sasak language and gives more contributes to the writer himself, to the students of IKIP Mataram, and other researchers who have similar case on Sasak language, hopefully this research is beneficial enough.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
In order the writer himself is easier discussing the problem he limits the problem. In this case the writer just discusses about four kinds of passive construction that exists in Sasak language.
More specifically, the writer analyses the (1) Sasak language canonical passive, (2) Sasak language inverted passive, (3) Sasak language accidental passive, and (4) Sasak language adversative passive in his village, Petak Desa Batujai, Kecamatan Praya Barat, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to be able to improve the writer’s knowledge in knowing the Sasak language passive construction in details, and also the writer hopes a lot it is able to improve the readers’ knowledge about Sasak language, especially on Sasak language in passive construction, and be able to apply its knowledge in the real life later.
This research is also hoped able to help other students of language and art department of IKIP Mataram and the readers know much about passive construction especially in Sasak language passive construction as mention in the background of the study.
1.7 Definition of Key Term
Even speaker of every language knows thousands, even more than one thousands words, knowing a word means knowing both its sound and its meaning. The sound and the meaning of words are inseparable. Word is one of the most fundamental unit of linguistic structure.
When we think about our native language the existence of the language seems obvious and we can acquire our native language fluently and we have learned to recognize the individual word without any single effort as well as many other things.
Related to the topic above, and also to eliminate misunderstanding among the readers about the title. The writer tries giving the definition of the key term used in this research.
a. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that learns about sentence or Syntax the study of structure of sentences or interrelationship between sign and meaning.
b. Language is a system of words, phrases, and grammar, used by people who live in country or area to communicate one to another,( Kamus Inggris Indonesia Hornby, Parnwell, Oxford University Press)
c. Sasak is language that is used in Lombok regency to communicate the idea from one to another.
d. Dialect is a system of language that is used by the community to differ from other community that used different of system event has closed relationship.
e. Passive can be described as a counterpart of an active voice (Blake; 1990; Dixon; 1994), Passive construction is process of passivizing words in sentence.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE
In supporting this research, the writer thinks it is very crucial to collect some books as references for this research. And in this chapter the writer needs to discuss about; Language and Linguistics, language acquisition, language varieties, dialect, overview of dialect variation, classification of dialect, sasak dialect, sentence, phrase, clause, word, passive construction, passive properties, previous of the study.
2.1. Language and Linguistics
Language is a system of recurring sequences or pattern of “sames” of vocal sounds which correlate with recurring “sames” of stimulus- situation features, and which elicit recurring “sames” of response features. And other differently definition is given by Sapir in his language, 1921. “ Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires, by means of a system of voluntary produced symbol.” The excellent crucial of language is communication in action.
Language is the rigid system of pattern of contrastive features through which the individual speech acts of speaker becomes effectives substitutes-stimuli for a hearer (Linguistics The Study of Language, Charles, C Fries) the material of language science.
Linguistics is scientific study of language which studies about structures and processes of language, or how language works and is organized. The major areas of study in this field are;
1. Phonetics is the study of the sounds of languages and their physical properties.
2. Phonology is the study of how sounds function in a given language or dialect.
3. Morphology is the study of the structure of words.
4. Syntax is the study of structure of sentences or interrelationship between sign and meaning.
5. Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
6. Discourse analysis is the study of connected spoken and written discourse.
7. Pragmatics is the study of social meaning of utterance or relationship between signs and their users.
And other well-known expert, Joshua, A Fishman (1975:4) stated that Linguistic is the study of characteristic of their speaker as this three constantly interact; change one another, within a speech community. The fields are;
1. Micro sociolinguistic which relates with small group
2. Macro linguistic, which relates to language itself and the structure.
2.2 Language Acquisition
2.2.1 First language acquisition.
First language acquisition Is natural developmental process of gaining knowledge and mastery of speech system in living environment, the term of Language Acquisition means that Language learning process, which is done by Children naturally in the time learning their native Language in the first time.
2.2.2 Second language acquisition.
Is the process through which one learns a language difference from one native language or the best taught in small segments as parents might teach a child or teacher instructs student.
2.3 Language Varieties
When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code. In most cases that code will be something we may want to call a language (Wardhaugh, 1986:1). Richards, J. et al. (1990:153-154) defines that language is ‘the system of human communication by means of a structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) to form larger units, for examples morphemes, words, and sentences.’
A language is usually not spoken in exactly the same way from one part of a country to the other. Hartmann and Stork said that no language is a uniform entity, and all languages vary according to the place, time and context in which they are used. Differences in the way a language is spoken by different people are called language variations or varieties. Hudson in Wardhaugh (1986:22) defines variety as ‘a set of linguistic items with similar distribution.’ A variety can be something greater than a single language as well as something less. Ferguson’s said that a variety is any body of human speech pattern which is sufficiently homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with broad semantic scope to function in all normal contexts of communication. Such a definition is comprehensive in that it allows us to call a whole language a variety and also any special kind of linguistic usage that we associate with a particular region or social group.
2.4 Dialect
Dialect is a system of language that is used by the community to differ from other community that used different of system event has closed relationship (Weijen: 63). Other definition is given by (Chaurand; 151) dialect is a real language that is utilizing on literature or it is still using on reference to middle age language. Dialect is caused by a few elements such as; politics, cultural, economic by (Mielet; 72).
2.5 Over View of Dialect Variation
Linguistics define dialect as mutually intelligible form of language that differ in a systematic way from each other (Fromkin;1997:286., O’Grady;1996:321). Several sectors have been identified the determination of linguistic boundaries such as; political, cultural, social, historical, and religious. The presence of these factors may lead to mutually intelligibly of language in which language variation cannot be understood by speakers of any different language variety.
2.6 Classification of Dialect
Considering the above factors, this may influence the variation of dialect. The dialect variation can be classified based on the existence of one or more of the above identified factor (Steiberg’s;1996:373), applies that there are three different approaches to language classification, namely; genetic classification, linguistics typology, and area classification.
2.7 Sasak Dialect
Language of the entire world has dialect itself. The writer finds the dialect that’s used to communicate in Lombok, the geographical distribution of linguistics variable is shown in elaborates maps. One map may show the distribution of different pronunciation of vowel in a certain word.
In this case, the dialect of geographers draw a line between the two areas that called isologues, it sometimes runs together for language distance, as two areas that show a number of clear differences (Dubois;1973:270), dialect geographers are branch of dialectology that learned about the relationship of the variety of language (Dubois;1973:230).
Isologues is generally taken to mark the boundary between two dialect areas and refer to as a dialect boundary. For instance, dialect boundaries are that between pujut dialect and selaparang dialect.
We know that sasak has four dialects (Azhar;1995:2-3) are;
2.7.1 Selaparang Dialect
The Selaparang dialect is the most used in such Lombok area, are; (1) East Lombok (Selaparang, Pringgabaya, Wanasaba, Apit Aiq, Aiq Mel, Kembang Kerang, Lenek, Kalijaga, Suralaga, Kutaraja, Lendang Nangka, Masbagik, Pengadang, Pringgasela, etc). (2) West Lombok (Ampenan, Karang Pule, Dasan Agung, Pejeruk, Rembiga, Gunung Sari, Sesile, Pagutan, Cakra, Kediri, Lingsar, Narmada, Sesaot, etc).
2.7.2 Pejanggik Dialect
The dialect of Pejanggik is the most used in central Lombok (Pejanggik, Praya, Kopang, Mantang, Mujur, Janapria, Langko, Pengadang, Jurang Jaler, Gerunung, Penaban, Bodak, Muncan, Semparu, Darmaji,etc).
2.7.3 Pujut Dialect
The dialect of Pujut is the most used in the south part of Central Lombok (Batujai, Sengkol, Teruwai, Ganti, Marong, Penujak, Pengembur, Mangkung, Kateng, Ungga, Darek, Ketare, Sukarara, Bonjeruk, etc). And in small part of East Lombok (Padamara, Denggen, Keselet, Songak), to the small part of West Lombok ( Kuripan, and in Pagutan; Petemon)
2.7.4 Petung Bayan Dialect
The dialect of Petung Bayan is the most used in the north part of West Lombok (Bayan, Amor-amor, Sedutan, Papak, Gondang, Tanjung, Pemenang, Rempek, Sokong, Bangsal, Lading-lading, Pusuk).
2.8 Sentence
A sentence is the syntactic category which is taken as the largest category capable of syntactic characterization, all of its component parts being boundered together by the role of syntax and its entire structure being well-formed. (Trask;1993). Other definition is given by Chaer,Abdul; 2003; 240. He stated that sentence is the regular construction of words that contain complete idea.
The kind of sentence falls into four types/categories: Declarative, imperative, Interrogative, and Exclamative.
Example; a) Nie Kaken paoq (DEC)
3SG ACT-eat-TRAN DO-mango
“He eats a mango” = “Dia makan mangga”
b) Dateng aruan (IMP)
ACT-come-INT ADV-soon
“Come soon” = “Cepat datang”
c) Tau-m bace surat? (INTR)
MOD-can-3SG Act-read-TRAN DO-letter
“Can you read a letter” = “Bisa baca surat”
d) Melilak ! (EXCl)
“ADJ-Shame”
“What a shame” = “Memalukan !”
2.9 Phrase Level
A phrase is a synonym for constituent or maximum projection, particularly in such category labels as noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, etc. (Trask;1993).
1. Amaq Muhid (NP)
PRON-Mr PRON-3SG
“Mr. Muhid” = “Bapak Muhid”
2. Mindah buka lawang (VP)
3SG ACT-open-TRAN DO-door
“Mindah opened the door” = “Mindah membuka pintu”
3. Inaq cemoh (ADJ P)
3SG ADJ-happy
“Mother is happy” = “Ibu senang”
4. Silah pelai-c* becat (ADV P)
3SG ACT-run ADV-fast
“Silah ran very fast” = “Silah lari sangat cepat”
Note: sound /c*/ sometimes appears in the several words that end with letter I see the table bellow:
Words Changes English Meaning
Pelai Pelaic Run Lari
Kupi Kupic Coffee Kopi
Dui Duic Thorn Duri, dll.
2.10 Clause
A clause is a group of words which function is grammatical unit, which contain a subject and verb.
1. Tiang nyerepek uliq*
1SG ADJ-Hurry NP-Home
“I am hurried home” = “Saya pulang buru-buru”
Note: * Uliq, sometimes means (Go home), but in the sentence above it means home
2.11 Word
Word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
Sasak English Meaning
Kaken Eat Makan
Dateng Come Datang
Bace Read Baca
Melilak Shame Memalukan
Buka Open Buka
Cemoh Happy Senang
Nyerepek Hurry Buru-buru
Lawang Door Pintu
Aruan Soon Segera
Paoq Mango Mangga
2.12 Affixes Verb
The function of affixes is to form a verb in Sasak, which can be divided into four categories are;
2.12.1 [te-..] Prefix = di
a. Tepaling dicuri = Stolen
b. Tetumplak dituang = Poured
c. Tetalet ditanam = Planted
d. Tebilin ditinggal = Left
e. Tetunuq dibakar = Burned
2.12.2 [ke-..] Prefix= Ter
a. Kesapu tersap = swept
b. Telantur tertabrak = Crashed
c. Kemadeaqan tertinggal = Left
2.12.3 [ke-…….-an] Circumfix = ter-…..-kan
a. Kemadiqan tertinggalkan = left
b. Etc.
2.12.4 [te-..,-an] Circumfix = di-…-kan
a. Tepetulakan dikembalikan = Returned
b. Etc.
2.13 Passive construction
Traditionally, passive can be described as a counterpart of an active voice (Blake 1990; Dixon1994), Passive construction is process of passivizing words in sentence. A clause forms a sentence or part of the sentence and often functions as noun, adjective or adverb. (Richards et al. 1985). Other definition the characteristic of passive properties are given by Dixon (1994:208), and Siewierska (1984) are;
1. Passive clause subject is derived from active clause object
2. On the basic passive clause agent construction is state as adjunct phrase and sometimes is deleted.
3. Passive verb predicate is signed by formality with marking passive.
2.14 Passive Properties
The characteristic of passive properties are given by Dixon (1994:208), and Siewierska (1984) are;
1. Passive clause subject is derived from active clause object
2. On the basic passive clause agent construction is state as adjunct phrase and sometimes is deleted.
3. Passive verb predicate is signed by formality with marking passive.
Hanafi,Nurrahman (Syntax; 2003; 73; Mataram University Press) described some passive properties across languages:
a). The object of the passive clause is a direct object in the corresponding active,
1. A (a) : Amaq Mindah gorok manok uik bian
PRON-Mr PRON-3SG ACT-slaughter DO-chicken ADV.T-last night
“Mr.Mindah slaughtered the chicken last night”=
”Bapak Mindah menyembeleh ayam tadi malam”
2. A (p) : Manok te-gorok isiq Amaq Mindah uik bian
Chicken-GS PASS-slaughtered By phrase 3SG-Mr 3SG ADV.T-lastnight
“The chicken was slaughtered by Mr.Mindah uik bian”
“Ayam di-sembeleh oleh Bapak Mindah tadi malam.
B (p) : Manok tegorok uik bian
GS-chiken PASS-slaughtered ADV.T-last night
“The chicken was slaughtered last night”
“Ayam disembeleh tadi malam”
In sentence 1A(a) is the active voice and 2A(p) is correspondence passive when “Manok” is the receiver of the action or object is promoting to subject to form passive 2A(p). Amaq Mindah as the doer of the action or the initial subject demoted into agentive adjunct as “isiq” phrase preposition in Sasak. The verb takes /te-/ prefix but the “isiq” Phrase in another sentence is deleted 2B(p). In Sasak doesn’t need to use the auxiliary verb such like English but it has affixes (Prefix, Infix, Suffix, Circumfix).
b). The subject of the active clause is expressed in the agentive adjunct in the passive clause
Manok tegorok uik bian
PRON-Chicken PASS-Slaughter last night
“The chicken was slaughtered” = “Ayam itu saya sembeleh”
c). The subject of active clause is expressed in obligatory agent but without a preposition in the passive clause.
d). The verb in the passive clause can be marked passive or unmarked
Aku tekakoq isiq ulah
3SG-I ACT-Bite-INT by Snake
I was bitten by the snake = Saya digigit sama ular
In this case verb in the passive clause, marked /te-/ prefix in tekakok
2.14.1 Canonical Passives
Canonical passives in Indonesian are marked by the presence of di- prefix on the verbs and the agentive adjunct can be optionally omitted.Sasak canonical passive are marked with /te-/ prefix on the verb and followed by “isiq” phrase but it is sometimes optionally omitted with out changing the meaning.. The passive form can be postclitict with /-n/, /-m/ on the verb or with out an agentive adjunct, but it is different with Javanese canonical passive, in Javanese it is marked with /di-/ on the verb.
We sometimes found any similarities between Sasak and Javanese but it’s syntactically and morphologically, especially passive voices are different. Notice the example bellow;
1. A: Wahid tulis surat etoa*
3SG ACT-write DO-letter DET-itu
“Wahid wrote the letter”
“Wahid menulis surat”
p: Surat etoa tetulis isiq Wahid
GS-letter DET-that PASS-write by Phrase 3SG-PRON
“The letter was written by Wahid”=”Surat itu ditulis wahid”
2. A: Muhid tulis (nulis) surat ikuwf
3SG-Muhid ACT-menulis-TRAN DO- letter that
“Muhid wrote that letter” = “Muhid menulis surat itu”
P: Surat iku ditulis dening muhid
GS-letter DET-that PASS-write by-PHRASE 3SG-PRON
“That letter was written by Muhid”=”Surat itu ditulis Muhid”
In Sasak meriak-meriku usually used /te-/ prefix in passive construction and followed by isiq phrase, in Javanese /de-/ prefix followed by dening phrase.
2.14.2 Inverted Passives
Inverted passive is identical with the active form in the word order, except the verb is unmarked passive or without a prefix and there is no agentive adjunct after the basic verb (Hanafi;2003).
2.14.3 Accidental Passives
Accidental passives in Indonesian take ter-prefix to mark the verb. This section examines accidental passive across language that used in sasak language. Some properties of accidental passives are the existence of / ke-../, /te-../ prefix.
1. Kanaq eto *ken-dait-an mangan
3SG-Child DEM PASS-meet eating
“The child was found eating” = “Anak itu ditemukan lagi makan”
2. Ami te-lampar uiq bian
3SG-Ami PASS-crash -VI ADV-time
“Ami got crashed last night” = “Ami ditabrak tadi malam”
2.14.4 Adversative passives
Adversative passives in Indonesian use circumfix ke- -an and ka- -an to mark the passive verbs. And it is almost same as found in Sasak language. The passive are marked with circumfix / ke-…-an/. E.g. Yuli ke-ndait-an leq bali
In this case, /ke-…-an/ is marked adversative passive and used preposition leq after verb marking to make clearly about the action. Another example for adversative passive that used circumfix as /te-…-an/ where noun can be marked in a verb: kedek [ Te-kedek-an]
2.13. Previous of the Study
The writer has developed this research really on the thesis entitled “Passive Voice of Meriak-Meriku Dialect a Case Study at Sukarara Central Lombok by Lalu Darwati; 02.411.103, Sasak, Working Papers in Sasakl Volume 2 by Peter K. Austin, and the ”book entitled “ Syntax “, by Prof. Nurrahman Hanafi.
In completing this research, the writer thought it is not enough obtaining the data from several books merely, so the writer tried studying and understanding such books which have much relationship to this research, and put that as the fulfilment of this assignment.
2.14. Source of Information
The writer acquired the data and information, which are needed in completing the research, are from books, Internet and informants.
The data taken from several books such as;
Theory Linguistic Chomsky and TL Werinke, kearah satu teori bahasa yang lebih sempurna,
Pengantar linguistik umum (Ferdinand de saussure),
Linguistik bandingan nusantara (Shaleh Saidi),
Pengantar sosiologi Bahasa (A Chaedar Alwasilah),Prinsip dan metode linguistik historis (Abdul Sukur Ibrahim,Matious Syamsudin)
Reramputan Pelajaran Bahasa Sasak SD kelas 3 dan 4 (H. L. MuhamadAzhar,S.H)
Linguistik Umum (Abdul Chaer:2003)
Fakta-fakta Tentang Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat (Manggaukang Raba-Asmawati;2002)
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Subject of the Study
The subject of the study is at Petak, Batujai, Praya Barat Central Lombok. As this research is aimed at finding out the form of passive voice, the writer needs to do investigation by analyzing form of passive voice.
3.2. Population of the Study
The writer tries presenting any explanation about population from an expert Hadi (1980:220), he stated that population is a number of people that have at least the same characteristic. Then, in this research the writer tries to emphasize the research is focused on the population with several considerations such as; age, education, gender, etc.
3.3. Method of Collecting Data
The data that will be presented in this discussion was obtained from note taking.
3.3.1 Note Taking
The source of information is the community of Petak village, which called informants. The aimed of this method is at knowing the form of language grammatical that will appear on social interactions. And to discover the forms of passive construction, which appear in daily communication among the users of Sasak language. This method will also help the writer in arranging the material easier. Then the writer, tries taking note from the conversation. Beside that the writer also used some articles of Sasak and the books that have relationship toward the data analysis.
3.4. Research Design
Analyzing passive voice in Sasak especially “Meriak-meriku” dialect is not easy, since Lombok has different form of dialect. Generally, in doing this research the writer uses technique qualitative, for it tries discussing or analyzing the passive construction in Sasak language.
3.5. Data Collecting
The writer used a descriptive qualitative method in completing the research. The materials or data collected by having several steps below;
1. Findings the books that related to the research
2. Reading the contents of the books
3. Understanding the contents of
4. Listing of the data needed.
5. Consulting to the advisor and also informants.
6. Arranging the collecting data or materials accurately in accordance to the problems of the study.
3.6. Data Analysis
The data of this research is gathered through the techniques above and are transcribed and then analyzed them. The transcription is accompanied by the ways of how the words are uttered by the usedrs of Sasak Language in Petak, Batujai. Likewise the data that obtained note taking will be analyzed in the same way. This research will also use the descriptive method proposed by Arikunto (1993) in analyzing the data. Descriptive method is the step of analyzing the data suggested by Danim. According to Sudrawan Danim, synthesizing the data, finding the patterns, searching for the main problem and giving conclusion are some steps of analyzing qualitative data.
Finally, after all the data was collected, the writer tried to analyze the passive construction to discover the forms of passive constructions in Sasak. For further, about the problem statement, it will be presented in result and discussion in the following chapter.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Traditionally, passive voice can be described as counterpart of an active voice (Blake; 1990: Dixon; 1994). In the active sentences, the agent is marked as the subject (S) and the patient is as the object (O), both by word order and the agreement of the subject and the verb (Palmer; 1994).
This chapter deals with Sasak language passive properties as stated in the previous chapter, which will be analysed to prove or to answer the research questions proposed in the chapter one. However, before the writer comes into the discussion, it is better to present some elements that build up the sentences, to avoid misinterpreting of the sentence.
The List of The Verb:
Prefix/Suffix/Circumfix Verb Passive Meaning Explanation
Te-
Kaken Tekaken Eat
Bace Tebace Read
Pelai-c1 Tepelaik Run 1Phonem /c/ may change into /k/ in passive construction with out changing the meaning
Buka Tebuka Open
Paling Tepaling Mencuri
Tumplak Tetumplak Pour The word tumplak may appear in the form of petumplak in a sentence
Nyanyi Tenyanyi Sing
Jawab Tejawab Answer
Petukul Tepetukul Sit/Seated
Talet Tetalet Plant
Ketuan Teketuan Ask The word ketuan may appear in the form of beketuan in a sentence with out changing the meaning
Lamper Telamper Crash
Ketèk Teketèk Sprinkle
Lukiq Telukiq Peel
Bau Tebau Pick up The verb bau may appear in the form of pembauq in a sentence with out changing the meaning. And in the passive construction it will create different kinds of verb depends on the grammatical subject, notice the used of it in the 4.4 of 3 P (a1) and (a2) page ….
Bilin Tebilin Leave
Tunuq Tetunuq Burn/Fire
Ke- Sapu Kesapu Sweep
Ke-..-an Madiq Kemadiqan Leave
Teriq Keteriqan Fall
Ken-…-an Dait Kendaitan Find Circumfix ke-…-an is suspected derived from prefix ke-..,and it is actually as same as prefix ke-
Te-...-an Ketuan Teketuan Ask The word ketuan may appear in the form of beketuan in a sentence with out changing the meaning
Nyanyi Tenyanyian Sing
Te-…-in Ketek Teketekin Sprinkle
Nyanyi Tenyanyian Sing
4.1 ‘Te’ with Passive Construction
Before dealing a lot to the ‘te’ that is used to mark passive verb, the writer presents some meaning of the ‘te’ to prevent the readers from misunderstanding or misinterpreting. The writer found ‘te’ construction with different meaning in some sentences. Notice the function of ‘Te’ bellow:
1. ‘Te’ is functioning as the explanative there
Notice each sentence bellow that shows the function of the ‘Te’ as the explanative there, the function of ‘Te’ in both active or passive they will not create different meaning.
Example;
a) Te taoq- m petukul aric -m
ADV.P-there PRON-2PL ACT-seat 3SG-litle brother POSS PRON-2PL
b) Petukul aric -m te
ACT-seat 3SG-litle brother PRON-2PL ADV.P-there
There seated your little brother / seated your little brother there
Seated your little brother there! = Dudukkan adikmu disana!
2. ‘Te’ is functioning as the personal pronoun
Notice each sentence bellow that shows the function of the ‘Te’ as the personal pronoun, the function of ‘Te’ in both active or passive they will not create different meaning.
Example;
Te saq benyanyi uiq bian, yeh?
2PL-you REL-that ACT-sing ADV.T-last night, QT-isn’t it?te
You sang a song last night, didn’t you?
Note: The inconsistency use of Te in Sasak Language. Te may appear at any conversation in daily activities, the appearance of Te is actually to avoid misunderstanding in taking conversation for known or unknown people dealing with social strata.
3. ‘Te’ is functioning as the passive marking on the verb
Notice each sentence bellow that shows the function of the ‘Te’ as the passive marking, the function of ‘Te’ in both active or passive they
Example:
Aiq te- tumplak isiq inaq-n Aji kun bong
Water (GS) PASS-pour by phrase 3SG-poss 3SG PREP-in ADV.P-jar
“The water was poured by Aji’s mother”
“Air di-tuang oleh ibu-nya Aji di kendi”
4.2 “Isiq” Construction
Example;
a) Aiq te- tumplak isiq1 inaq-n Aji kun bong
Water (GS) PASS-pour by phrase 3SG-poss PRON- 3SG PREP-in ADV.P- jar
“The water was poured by Aji’s mother”
“Air di-tuang oleh ibu-nya Aji di kendi”
b) Uk pekecelep ember baruk isiq2 batu
1SG-I ACT-sink-TRAN DO-bucket ADV.T-just now by-PHRASE IO-stone
Note;
Isiq sometimes appears twice in the sentence as it functions as; Agent and Instrument, with different meaning and different function. Look at the two sentences (a), (b) above. Isiq1 represented the agent who did the action of tumplak aiq (pour water). But Isiq2 represented an instrument that makes batu kecelep (stone is sinking), and it is as equal as with in English.
4.3 The Form of Passive Construction
After the writer analyzed the form of passive construction in Sasak, the writer found four kinds of passive, are:
4.3.1 Canonical Passive in the form of Te-.., and Te-…-an in the verb
4.3.2 Inverted Passive, which the form of verb in active may the same as in active verb
4.3.3 Accidental Passive in the form of te-, te- -in ,ke-, ken-an, etc
4.3.4 Adversative Passive in the form of confix ke- -an, whereas the Sasak may involve confix ke(n)- -an, and the confix te- -(an1)in as given in the examples in 4.7 bellow;
4.4 Sasak Canonical Passives
As in other languages of Indonesia; sundanese for instance, to form passive voice is usually marked with prefix di- , but in Sasak it is commonly marked with prefix te- in the verb. And it is followed by isiq phrase and it is optional function, it is as equal as oleh phrase in Bahasa Indonesia or by phrase in English.
Notice the examples bellow:
1.A: Inaq-n Aji tumplak aiq kun bong
3SG-poss 3SG ACT-pour-TRAN DO- water PREP-into ADV.P- jar
Mother Aji pour water into jar
“Aji’s mother poured the water into the jar”
“Ibu-nya Aji menuang air di kendi”
P: Aiq te- tumplak isiq inaq-n Aji kun bong
Water (GS) PASS-pour by phrase 3SG-poss 3SG PREP-in ADV.P-jar
“The water was poured by Aji’s mother”
“Air di-tuang oleh ibu-nya Aji di kendi”
Aiq inaq-n Aji tumplak-h
Water Aji’s mother poured
Note :
In the example (1) A is marked for active sentence and P is marked for passive sentence. In sentence A aiq (water) is the object of the sentence, because it follows verb tumplak (menuangkan), which may appear in the form of petumplak but the meaning will remain the same. So the passive construction of tumplak is tetumplak and petumplak becomes tepetumplak. And when it is in the passive sentence, aiq itself is promoted into grammatical subject. And the subject inaq in active sentence is demoted into prep.phrase after isiq phrase as given in the sentence P above.
Other examples are given bellow:
2.A: Gazali be-ketuan-(an) soal lek gurur
3SG-I ACT-ask-TRAN DO-question PREP-to IO-3SG-teacher
“Gazali asked the question to the teacher”
“Gazali menanyakan soal kepada guru”
P: Soal te-ketuan-an isiq Gazali
Answer (GS) PASS-ask by-phrase 3SG-Prep.Phrase-Per.Pron
“The question was asked by Gazali”
“Soal di-tanya oleh Gazali
Soal Gazali ketuan-h
The answer Gazali asked
Note:
Notice the form of the verb ketuan above, it may have other form of verb like beketuan but they will not create different meaning. One should be underlined that both ketuan or beketuan will have the same form in passive construction is that teketuan or teketuanan.
3.A: Ali pem-bauq Yuli paok
3SG ACT-take IO-3SG-Yuli DO-mango
“Ali took a mango for Yuli”
“Ali memetik mangga untuk Yuli”
P: (a1)Paoq te-bau isiq Ali
GS-mango PASS-take by-phrase 3SG-Prep.Phrase
(a2)Yuli te-pembauq paoq isiq Ali
IO-3SG-Yuli PASS-take DO-mango by-phrase 3SG-Prep.Phrase
“The mango was picked by Ali”
“Mangga di-petik oleh Ali”
Paoq Ali bau
Mangga Ali picked
Note:
Notice the form of the active verb of pembauq is as same as the word bau in the table above; it will create two types of passive construction in different kinds of passive marking. First, (a1) is the form of tebau and the unique is phonem /q/ must be omitted, if the gramatical subject is noun (things). And the second, (a2) is in the form of tepembauq,This will be occurred if the grammatical subject is human being.
4.5 Inverted Passives
In Sasak language, the verb of inverted passive sometimes may raise in the same form between active and passive verb as given in no (1A versus Bb1 passive and a2 versus b2 ) bellow, one should be underlined is the object or subject; nie can be raised in the form of ie (Nie-ie) and used for third singular person (He / She) only (1SG).
1.A: Yuli jawab // soal
3SG-Subject ACT-answer question-Object
“Yuli (she) answered the question”
“Dia menjawab soal”
P: (a1) Soal te-jawab (n)ie
GS-question PASS-answer 3SG-prep.phrase
“The question was answered by her”
“Soal di jawab (oleh)-nya”
(b1) Soal (n)ie jawab
GS 3SG answer
“The question, she answered”
Note:
The word soal in the (Pb1) above possessed function as a grammatical subject, and the position is before subject; she [(n)ie]. Other examples, which have the same forms of verb are given bellow;
(a2) Muhid lukiq paok
3SG ACT-open O-mango
“Muhid peeled a mango”
“Muhid mengupas mango”
(b2) Paok Muhid lukiq
GS 3SG-Subject
“The mango, Muhid peeled”
2. A: Nie be-dengah musik (sound of radio)
3SG-s/he ACT-listen-TRANS abstract N-music (sound of radio)
“He/she listened (to) music”
“Dia mendengar musik”
P: Nie dengah musik (sound)
3SG listen abstract N
4.6 Accidental Passives
In this part of passive construction, especially on accidental passive of Sasak could be identified by notifying some prefix properties such as; te-, te- -in ,ke-, ken-an, and those prefixes mark the verbs in Sasak, as given in the examples bellow;
1. (a1) Ami te-lampar uiq bian
3SG-Ami PASS-crash -VI ADV-time
“Ami got crashed last night”
(a2) Nie pade te- ketek-in minyak
3PL-They PASS-sprinkle oil
“They were sprinkled on by oil”
(b1) Dompet tiang ke-teriq-an
SG 1SG-poss PASS-fall
“My purse was fallen / My purse got fallen”
(b2) Kanaq eto 1ken-dait-an mangan
3SG-Child DEM PASS-meet eating
“The child was found eating”
Note:
1.The verb that marked by confix ken- -an like ken-dait-an is also called passive. And prefix ken- in the sentence above is derivated from prefix ke, and added with suffix –en at the end of the verb. And the same case also happened in the sentence (a2) above.
4.7 Adversative Passives
In this discussion, he writer will show that adversative passives in Sasak are almost same as in Indonesian. Which is marked with a confix ke- -an, whereas the Sasak may involve confix ke(n1)- -an, and the confix te- -in as given in the examples bellow;
1. Nie pade te- ketek-in minyak
3PL-They PASS-sprinkle-LOC oil
“They were sprinkled on by oil”
2. Dompet kendaitan isiq Mujriah
3SG-Purse PASS-found PREP-by
“The purse was found by Mujriah”
Note:
(n)1 The prefix ken- may create adversative passive as prefix ke- does. And the prefix ken- is suspected deriving from suffix ke- itself the appears of phonem /n/ in the word kendaitan above doesn’t affect the meaning. The same problem may happen in the confix te- - an. As in the example 1(b) above it uses confix te- -in. the function of suffixes -an and -in are same in the sentence.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After considering the previous chapter, the writer can come to the conclusion and conclude that the form of passive construction that found in Sasak are: The canonical passives can be formed by putting the prefix te-. In the inverted passives might be formed by putting prefix te-, or even un-marked. In the accidental passives occurred by adding prefix te-, and confix (circumfix) te- -in, ke- -an, ken- -an in the verbs. And to identify the adversative passive in Sasak might be noticed the additional of circumfix ke- an,te- an/in in the verbs. And to form passive construction in Sasak must be put those kinds of prefix, suffix and confix in the verb.
In the passive construction, the direct object of the ‘isiq’ construction is adjunct phrase. The verbal predicate gets the prefix /te/ that indicates passive construction. Where the agent is indicated with the phrase preposition of ‘isiq’ or ‘by’ phrase then followed by a NP. The ‘isiq’ phrase in the passive construction sometimes can be omitted
In Sasak language to have a form of passive, there are some elements that could be considered in the sentences. First of all, passive on Sasak can be made by ‘te’ construction that is signed by verb marking. Secondly, passive could be made by ‘isiq’ construction in adjunct phrase.
5.2 Suggestions
The writer knows that passive construction is one of the structure forms. This investigation related to the grammatical form of sentences. It is difficult to find the grammatical of Sasak language but after investigating and analyzing the form of passive in Sasak that supported by the theory, the writer is easier in overcoming the problems that come up. This thesis is not perfect yet, and the writer therefore would like to suggest:
1. Readers in general
Passive is one of the structure forms in all of the language, the writer suggests the readers to develop their own language to keep the culture one of the step that should be done is by doing research on this language (Sasak). And hopefully, this simple research can assist other researcher in doing research, which have similar topic.
2. Students
As the students of Language and art, keeping exist our language is an obligatory, the writer exceptionally suggest all the students especially the students of IKIP Mataram to keep care toward any kind of the language. And to do so, the students should do more things such as: digging out the knowledge of linguistics like; Syntax, Semantics, Phonology, Morphology and others, because those could worthily help you to do investigation or research of language.
3. Teachers/Lectures
To the teachers or lecturers especially who chaired linguistics lesson, please share all your knowledge to your students, because it is valuable indeed.
4. Librarian
To library attendant, all kinds of books or references are very worth for us so you should put your data such as: references, books, etc into computer in order the students do not have any difficulties in finding book or reference that they need. And serve more books in the library.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwasilah, A Chaedar: Linguistik Umum, Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa; 2003
Azhar, Muhammad, Lalu. Reramputan Bahasa Sasak Untuk Kelas 3 dan 4 SD: PT.Intan Pariwara: 2002; Pribahasa Ungkapan dan Istilah Sasak;2000; Reramputan Pelajaran Bahasa Sasak Untuk SMP Kelas I/III;1996. Mataram: Agung Perdana
Chomsky and TL Werinke Theory Linguistic, Kearah Satu Teori Bahasa yang Lebih Sempurna
Departemen Pendidikan dan kebudayaan,1994. Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Pendidikan Dasar Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jakarta: Proyek Peningkatan Mutu dan Pelaksanaan Wajib Belajar SLTP
--------. 1994. Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Pendidikan Dasar Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat-Pedoman Pelaksanaan.Mataram: Kantor Wilayah Depdikbud Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat:2000
De Saussure Ferdinand; Pengantar Linguistik umum
Ibrahim, Abdul Sukur, Matious Syamsudin;Prinsip dan metode linguistik historis
K.Austin, Peter; Sasak,Working Papers in Sasak,Vol.2: Dept. of Linguistics & Applied Linguistics The University of Melbourne Australia.
Manggaukang Raba-Asmawati; Fakta-fakta Tentang Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat; 2002
Nazir Thoir, Nengah Medera, Sistem Perulangan Bahasa Sasak; 1984
Saidi, Shaleh; Linguistik Bandingan Nusantara
Suparman, heru Susanto,dkk.; Pemetaan Bahasa-bahasa di NTB;1987
http://www.yahoo.com/www.sscnet.ucla.edu/aasc/unz/langacq.htm/
www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/papers/py104/pinker.langacq.htm,
www.odur.let.rug.nl/lacrystal.htm,
www.books.cabridge.org/0521317029,
www.evergrenn.edu/ecei/reports/2 langlrners.doc
ABREVIATIONS
1 = First
2 = Second
3 = Third
SG = Single
PL = Plural
A = Active Sentence
P = Passive Sentence
PASS = Passive
ACT = Active
LOC = Locative
PREP = Preposition
DEM = Demonstrative Pronoun
ADJ = Adjective
N = Noun
O = Object
DO = Direct Object
IO = Indirect Object
= Zero Marker
S = Subject
GS = Gramatical Subject
V = Verb
VI = Verb Intransitive
VT = Verb Transitive
PHRASE = Phrase
PRON = Pronoun
ACT = Active Verb
PASS = Passive Verb
TRAN = Transitive
DET = Determiner
INT = Intransitive
INTR = Introgative
POSS PRON = Possessive Pronoun
QT = Question Tag
REL = Relative Pronoun
PER PRON = Persona;l Pronoun
ADV = Adverb
ADV.P = Adverb of Place
ADV.T = Adverb of Time
ADV.M = Adverb of Manner
IMP = Imperative Sentence
EXCL = Exclamative Sentence
NP = Noun Phrase
VP = Verb Phrase
ADJ.P = Adjective Phrase
DEC = Declarative Sentence
BIOGRAPHY
Name : Abdul Muhid,A.Md
Place & Date of Birth : Petak, Batujai Praya Barat-15th July 1983
Address : Petak, Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok
Hand Phone : 081 757 613 83
Religion : Islam
A Thesis
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) of English Language
The Faculty of Education for Language and Arts of IKIP Mataram
By
Abdul Muhid,A.Md
NIM:06.411.005
The Faculty of Education for Language and Arts of IKIP Mataram Institute of Education and Teacher Training
Approval page
This is to certify that the Thesis of Abdul Muhid,A.Md has been approved on… March 2008
Acknowledged;
First Consultant Second Consultant
Drs.Lalu Dasmara,M.A J u p r i, S.Pd
RATIFICATION
A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok
By
ABDUL MUHID,A.Md
NIM: 06.411.005
Accepted by the Board of Examiners of the Faculty of Education for Language and Arts on ……March 2008
And declared to have fulfilled the requirement to achieve the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd)
Institute of Education and Teacher Training
Board examiners
Drs. Lalu Dasmara,M.A
Lecture, the faculty of education for language and arts -------------------------
J u p r i,S.Pd
Lecture, the faculty of education for language and arts -------------------------
Drs. H. Ketah Nursalam,M.M
Lecture, the faculty of education for language and arts -------------------------
Mataram, ……March 2008
Dean
Drs. I Ketut Warta,M.S
Motto:
I Do My Best to Myself, You Do Your Best to Yourself/ves, We Do Our Best to Ourselves, The Best Yes!!!
Dedication:
This thesis is dedicated to: My beloved Mother and late father, sister and brother, my little nephew, all of my families, my friends and my lovely soul mate
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Lord of creation, the composing of this thesis, which takes the title “A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok” is already finish. Where the inscription of this thesis is made-up be, able to fulfil the conditions to reach degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in IKIP Mataram.
Next, the writer himself with the wholly heart sends his gratitude to the Dean of The Faculty of Language and Arts; Drs. I Ketut Warta,M.S who takes great deals of responsibilities towards The Faculty of Language and Arts, then he also conveys special gratitude to the lovely first consultant; Drs. L Dasmara,M.A who is kindly sharing his knowledge and devoting his time in giving advise, checking and correcting this thesis. And special thanks to the lovely second consultant; Jupri,S.Pd who devoted his time and knowledge in guiding the writer during the composing of this thesis. Thanks to all of the lecturers of IKIP Mataram, especially to the lecturers who chaired ELT Research and Linguistics. And to all friends who helped the writer in collecting the data, he sends the unspeakable thanks for their help.
And, the greatest gratitude to the beloved parents who always supported the writer during study in IKIP Mataram.
Mataram,……March 2008
Table of Contents
Pages
Cover
Approval Page
Ratification
Motto & Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2. Problem of Statement 3
1.3. Assumption 3
1.4. Objective of The Study 4
1.5. Scope and Limitation of The Study 4
1.6. Significance of The Study 4
1.7. Definition of Key Terms 5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Language and Linguistics 7
2.2. Language Acquisition 8
2.3. Language Varieties 9
2.4. Dialects 10
2.5. Over View of Dialect 10
2.6. Classification of Dialect 10
2.7. Sasak Dialects 11
2.8. Sentence 12
2.9. Phrase Level 13
2.10. Clause 14
2.11. Words 14
2.12. Affixes Verb 15
2.13. Passive Construction 16
2.14. Passive Properties 16
2.15. Previous of The Study 20
2.16. Source of Information 20
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY
3.1. Subject of the study 22
3.2. Population of the Study 22
3.3. Method of Collecting Data 22
3.4. Research Design 23
3.5. Data Collecting 23
3.6. Data Analysis 23
CHAPTER IV : RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. ‘Te’ with Passive Construction 26
4.2. ‘ Isiq’ Construction 28
4.3. The Form of Passive Construction 28
4.4. Sasak Canonical Passives 29
4.5. Inverted Passives 31
4.6. Accidental Passives 32
4.7. Adversative Passives 33
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusion. 34
5.2. Suggestions 35
Bibliography x
Attachments xx
Abreviations xxi
Biography xxii
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “A Syntactical Analysis of Passive Construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok”. This thesis deals with passive construction in Sasak especially pujut dialect. In doing this research, the writer collected the data by having note taking as primary data while having conversation with people who are speaking Sasak as their native language. Then after the data were collected the writer tried to analyze and consulted the data to the consultant, after that the writer put the data into the discussion. The data analysis shows that the passive construction in Sasak Language is divided into four kinds are; Sasak Canonical Passives, Sasak Adversative, Sasak Accidental Passive, Sasak Inverted Passive. And finally the writer put them in conclussion.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Lombok is one of the islands that is included into Indonesian state and located between two islands; Bali and Sumbawa. According to (Safi’i;1999:12), it lies between 80 12’ and 90 south across and between 115 0 44’- 1160 40 east longitude, the wide of Lombok is about 4.738,70 Km2 . People communicate by means of a language. This language is the system understood by the people involved in the communication. Basically, each of the people involved in a conversation speaks differently although the language they use is exactly the same. This individual difference does not give a significant influence in understanding one another. Sometimes the difference reflects different groups of people. In spite of this difference, the people manage to understand and keep their communication going on. These different dialects are usually referred to as language dialects varieties.
The use of different varieties of language dialects in one community is a common practice. This reflects the efforts of the community members to make communication among them keep running. This practice occurs in open communities, where the members do not live exclusively from other communities. In this situation it is very likely that their cultures, including their languages. For open communities this condition will be readily accepted (or at least it can’t be avoided or rejected). The real problem lies on the process where the members of the community struggle against the difficulty in understanding and using the new variety; the more distinct and complicated the new variety is, the more difficult the process will be.
All along the period, people always learn language, because the language has crucial rule in the real life. It is imaginable, without language how the world will be. But probably for its customary, language is infrequently has not attention, and usually supposed as common things as human being walking or breathing. Language is not just spoken but also alliance by its rule, in this case syntax.
Language is the rigid system of patterns of contrastive features through, which the individual speech acts of a speaker becomes effective substitute stimuli (signal) for hearer by it all human beings acquainted and understands one another. Almost whole the educational institutions, which open program of Diploma Three (D-3) or Strata (S-1) of language, teach their students about linguistics. The knowledge of it is not as a requirement to fulfil the assignment merely, but it will be a provision in enriching the concepts about language, especially in high level. Syntax is one of the branches of linguistics that learns about sentence. Syntax holds crucial rule, for language that is used in communicating the contents of language itself.
The writer is interested at knowing deeper about Sasak language as his first language, which he uses in daily activities, the writer also wants to describe or explain a bit about Sasak language to the readers how to passivize Sasak language and what kind of passive construction in Sasak language is. Beside that this research is as the proof of the writer who has studied the linguistics especially about syntax and research lecturing. Then based on the statement above he gets inspiration to have curiosity to analyse how to passivize and how the forms of Sasak language passive construction are. And in his research, he gives the title “ A Syntactical Analysis of Passive construction in Sasak Language Pujut Dialect; A Field Study at Petak Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok”.
1.2 Problem of Statement
Due to prior discussions, which state a lot about background of the study, of the language that will be discussed. There appear problems in the writer’s mind, which make him is very curious about the forms of Sasak language especially for passive construction and this research is focused on finding the answers to the following question:
1. What are the forms of Sasak language in passive construction?
2. How to passivize Sasak language?
1.3 Assumption
Syntax is as one of main point of subject lecturing of linguistics that contributes a plenty of knowledge, and it interests the writer in doing syntactical research about Sasak language in passive construction. The Sasak language in passive construction is beneficial to identify, remembering that, the users of the Sasak language do not properly notice the passive construction syntactically; which is used for daily communication. And by presenting this research hopefully, this research can help the users of Sasak language to use the Sasak language appropriately.
1.4 Objective of the Study
Based on the problems mentioned, the writer wants to present the discussion toward the readers about the passive constructions that exist in Sasak language, and how to passivize the Sasak, especially to the students of language department and to the students of IKIP Mataram in general.
This research also aim at knowing a lot about Sasak language and gives more contributes to the writer himself, to the students of IKIP Mataram, and other researchers who have similar case on Sasak language, hopefully this research is beneficial enough.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
In order the writer himself is easier discussing the problem he limits the problem. In this case the writer just discusses about four kinds of passive construction that exists in Sasak language.
More specifically, the writer analyses the (1) Sasak language canonical passive, (2) Sasak language inverted passive, (3) Sasak language accidental passive, and (4) Sasak language adversative passive in his village, Petak Desa Batujai, Kecamatan Praya Barat, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to be able to improve the writer’s knowledge in knowing the Sasak language passive construction in details, and also the writer hopes a lot it is able to improve the readers’ knowledge about Sasak language, especially on Sasak language in passive construction, and be able to apply its knowledge in the real life later.
This research is also hoped able to help other students of language and art department of IKIP Mataram and the readers know much about passive construction especially in Sasak language passive construction as mention in the background of the study.
1.7 Definition of Key Term
Even speaker of every language knows thousands, even more than one thousands words, knowing a word means knowing both its sound and its meaning. The sound and the meaning of words are inseparable. Word is one of the most fundamental unit of linguistic structure.
When we think about our native language the existence of the language seems obvious and we can acquire our native language fluently and we have learned to recognize the individual word without any single effort as well as many other things.
Related to the topic above, and also to eliminate misunderstanding among the readers about the title. The writer tries giving the definition of the key term used in this research.
a. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that learns about sentence or Syntax the study of structure of sentences or interrelationship between sign and meaning.
b. Language is a system of words, phrases, and grammar, used by people who live in country or area to communicate one to another,( Kamus Inggris Indonesia Hornby, Parnwell, Oxford University Press)
c. Sasak is language that is used in Lombok regency to communicate the idea from one to another.
d. Dialect is a system of language that is used by the community to differ from other community that used different of system event has closed relationship.
e. Passive can be described as a counterpart of an active voice (Blake; 1990; Dixon; 1994), Passive construction is process of passivizing words in sentence.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE
In supporting this research, the writer thinks it is very crucial to collect some books as references for this research. And in this chapter the writer needs to discuss about; Language and Linguistics, language acquisition, language varieties, dialect, overview of dialect variation, classification of dialect, sasak dialect, sentence, phrase, clause, word, passive construction, passive properties, previous of the study.
2.1. Language and Linguistics
Language is a system of recurring sequences or pattern of “sames” of vocal sounds which correlate with recurring “sames” of stimulus- situation features, and which elicit recurring “sames” of response features. And other differently definition is given by Sapir in his language, 1921. “ Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires, by means of a system of voluntary produced symbol.” The excellent crucial of language is communication in action.
Language is the rigid system of pattern of contrastive features through which the individual speech acts of speaker becomes effectives substitutes-stimuli for a hearer (Linguistics The Study of Language, Charles, C Fries) the material of language science.
Linguistics is scientific study of language which studies about structures and processes of language, or how language works and is organized. The major areas of study in this field are;
1. Phonetics is the study of the sounds of languages and their physical properties.
2. Phonology is the study of how sounds function in a given language or dialect.
3. Morphology is the study of the structure of words.
4. Syntax is the study of structure of sentences or interrelationship between sign and meaning.
5. Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
6. Discourse analysis is the study of connected spoken and written discourse.
7. Pragmatics is the study of social meaning of utterance or relationship between signs and their users.
And other well-known expert, Joshua, A Fishman (1975:4) stated that Linguistic is the study of characteristic of their speaker as this three constantly interact; change one another, within a speech community. The fields are;
1. Micro sociolinguistic which relates with small group
2. Macro linguistic, which relates to language itself and the structure.
2.2 Language Acquisition
2.2.1 First language acquisition.
First language acquisition Is natural developmental process of gaining knowledge and mastery of speech system in living environment, the term of Language Acquisition means that Language learning process, which is done by Children naturally in the time learning their native Language in the first time.
2.2.2 Second language acquisition.
Is the process through which one learns a language difference from one native language or the best taught in small segments as parents might teach a child or teacher instructs student.
2.3 Language Varieties
When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code. In most cases that code will be something we may want to call a language (Wardhaugh, 1986:1). Richards, J. et al. (1990:153-154) defines that language is ‘the system of human communication by means of a structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) to form larger units, for examples morphemes, words, and sentences.’
A language is usually not spoken in exactly the same way from one part of a country to the other. Hartmann and Stork said that no language is a uniform entity, and all languages vary according to the place, time and context in which they are used. Differences in the way a language is spoken by different people are called language variations or varieties. Hudson in Wardhaugh (1986:22) defines variety as ‘a set of linguistic items with similar distribution.’ A variety can be something greater than a single language as well as something less. Ferguson’s said that a variety is any body of human speech pattern which is sufficiently homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with broad semantic scope to function in all normal contexts of communication. Such a definition is comprehensive in that it allows us to call a whole language a variety and also any special kind of linguistic usage that we associate with a particular region or social group.
2.4 Dialect
Dialect is a system of language that is used by the community to differ from other community that used different of system event has closed relationship (Weijen: 63). Other definition is given by (Chaurand; 151) dialect is a real language that is utilizing on literature or it is still using on reference to middle age language. Dialect is caused by a few elements such as; politics, cultural, economic by (Mielet; 72).
2.5 Over View of Dialect Variation
Linguistics define dialect as mutually intelligible form of language that differ in a systematic way from each other (Fromkin;1997:286., O’Grady;1996:321). Several sectors have been identified the determination of linguistic boundaries such as; political, cultural, social, historical, and religious. The presence of these factors may lead to mutually intelligibly of language in which language variation cannot be understood by speakers of any different language variety.
2.6 Classification of Dialect
Considering the above factors, this may influence the variation of dialect. The dialect variation can be classified based on the existence of one or more of the above identified factor (Steiberg’s;1996:373), applies that there are three different approaches to language classification, namely; genetic classification, linguistics typology, and area classification.
2.7 Sasak Dialect
Language of the entire world has dialect itself. The writer finds the dialect that’s used to communicate in Lombok, the geographical distribution of linguistics variable is shown in elaborates maps. One map may show the distribution of different pronunciation of vowel in a certain word.
In this case, the dialect of geographers draw a line between the two areas that called isologues, it sometimes runs together for language distance, as two areas that show a number of clear differences (Dubois;1973:270), dialect geographers are branch of dialectology that learned about the relationship of the variety of language (Dubois;1973:230).
Isologues is generally taken to mark the boundary between two dialect areas and refer to as a dialect boundary. For instance, dialect boundaries are that between pujut dialect and selaparang dialect.
We know that sasak has four dialects (Azhar;1995:2-3) are;
2.7.1 Selaparang Dialect
The Selaparang dialect is the most used in such Lombok area, are; (1) East Lombok (Selaparang, Pringgabaya, Wanasaba, Apit Aiq, Aiq Mel, Kembang Kerang, Lenek, Kalijaga, Suralaga, Kutaraja, Lendang Nangka, Masbagik, Pengadang, Pringgasela, etc). (2) West Lombok (Ampenan, Karang Pule, Dasan Agung, Pejeruk, Rembiga, Gunung Sari, Sesile, Pagutan, Cakra, Kediri, Lingsar, Narmada, Sesaot, etc).
2.7.2 Pejanggik Dialect
The dialect of Pejanggik is the most used in central Lombok (Pejanggik, Praya, Kopang, Mantang, Mujur, Janapria, Langko, Pengadang, Jurang Jaler, Gerunung, Penaban, Bodak, Muncan, Semparu, Darmaji,etc).
2.7.3 Pujut Dialect
The dialect of Pujut is the most used in the south part of Central Lombok (Batujai, Sengkol, Teruwai, Ganti, Marong, Penujak, Pengembur, Mangkung, Kateng, Ungga, Darek, Ketare, Sukarara, Bonjeruk, etc). And in small part of East Lombok (Padamara, Denggen, Keselet, Songak), to the small part of West Lombok ( Kuripan, and in Pagutan; Petemon)
2.7.4 Petung Bayan Dialect
The dialect of Petung Bayan is the most used in the north part of West Lombok (Bayan, Amor-amor, Sedutan, Papak, Gondang, Tanjung, Pemenang, Rempek, Sokong, Bangsal, Lading-lading, Pusuk).
2.8 Sentence
A sentence is the syntactic category which is taken as the largest category capable of syntactic characterization, all of its component parts being boundered together by the role of syntax and its entire structure being well-formed. (Trask;1993). Other definition is given by Chaer,Abdul; 2003; 240. He stated that sentence is the regular construction of words that contain complete idea.
The kind of sentence falls into four types/categories: Declarative, imperative, Interrogative, and Exclamative.
Example; a) Nie Kaken paoq (DEC)
3SG ACT-eat-TRAN DO-mango
“He eats a mango” = “Dia makan mangga”
b) Dateng aruan (IMP)
ACT-come-INT ADV-soon
“Come soon” = “Cepat datang”
c) Tau-m bace surat? (INTR)
MOD-can-3SG Act-read-TRAN DO-letter
“Can you read a letter” = “Bisa baca surat”
d) Melilak ! (EXCl)
“ADJ-Shame”
“What a shame” = “Memalukan !”
2.9 Phrase Level
A phrase is a synonym for constituent or maximum projection, particularly in such category labels as noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, etc. (Trask;1993).
1. Amaq Muhid (NP)
PRON-Mr PRON-3SG
“Mr. Muhid” = “Bapak Muhid”
2. Mindah buka lawang (VP)
3SG ACT-open-TRAN DO-door
“Mindah opened the door” = “Mindah membuka pintu”
3. Inaq cemoh (ADJ P)
3SG ADJ-happy
“Mother is happy” = “Ibu senang”
4. Silah pelai-c* becat (ADV P)
3SG ACT-run ADV-fast
“Silah ran very fast” = “Silah lari sangat cepat”
Note: sound /c*/ sometimes appears in the several words that end with letter I see the table bellow:
Words Changes English Meaning
Pelai Pelaic Run Lari
Kupi Kupic Coffee Kopi
Dui Duic Thorn Duri, dll.
2.10 Clause
A clause is a group of words which function is grammatical unit, which contain a subject and verb.
1. Tiang nyerepek uliq*
1SG ADJ-Hurry NP-Home
“I am hurried home” = “Saya pulang buru-buru”
Note: * Uliq, sometimes means (Go home), but in the sentence above it means home
2.11 Word
Word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
Sasak English Meaning
Kaken Eat Makan
Dateng Come Datang
Bace Read Baca
Melilak Shame Memalukan
Buka Open Buka
Cemoh Happy Senang
Nyerepek Hurry Buru-buru
Lawang Door Pintu
Aruan Soon Segera
Paoq Mango Mangga
2.12 Affixes Verb
The function of affixes is to form a verb in Sasak, which can be divided into four categories are;
2.12.1 [te-..] Prefix = di
a. Tepaling dicuri = Stolen
b. Tetumplak dituang = Poured
c. Tetalet ditanam = Planted
d. Tebilin ditinggal = Left
e. Tetunuq dibakar = Burned
2.12.2 [ke-..] Prefix= Ter
a. Kesapu tersap = swept
b. Telantur tertabrak = Crashed
c. Kemadeaqan tertinggal = Left
2.12.3 [ke-…….-an] Circumfix = ter-…..-kan
a. Kemadiqan tertinggalkan = left
b. Etc.
2.12.4 [te-..,-an] Circumfix = di-…-kan
a. Tepetulakan dikembalikan = Returned
b. Etc.
2.13 Passive construction
Traditionally, passive can be described as a counterpart of an active voice (Blake 1990; Dixon1994), Passive construction is process of passivizing words in sentence. A clause forms a sentence or part of the sentence and often functions as noun, adjective or adverb. (Richards et al. 1985). Other definition the characteristic of passive properties are given by Dixon (1994:208), and Siewierska (1984) are;
1. Passive clause subject is derived from active clause object
2. On the basic passive clause agent construction is state as adjunct phrase and sometimes is deleted.
3. Passive verb predicate is signed by formality with marking passive.
2.14 Passive Properties
The characteristic of passive properties are given by Dixon (1994:208), and Siewierska (1984) are;
1. Passive clause subject is derived from active clause object
2. On the basic passive clause agent construction is state as adjunct phrase and sometimes is deleted.
3. Passive verb predicate is signed by formality with marking passive.
Hanafi,Nurrahman (Syntax; 2003; 73; Mataram University Press) described some passive properties across languages:
a). The object of the passive clause is a direct object in the corresponding active,
1. A (a) : Amaq Mindah gorok manok uik bian
PRON-Mr PRON-3SG ACT-slaughter DO-chicken ADV.T-last night
“Mr.Mindah slaughtered the chicken last night”=
”Bapak Mindah menyembeleh ayam tadi malam”
2. A (p) : Manok te-gorok isiq Amaq Mindah uik bian
Chicken-GS PASS-slaughtered By phrase 3SG-Mr 3SG ADV.T-lastnight
“The chicken was slaughtered by Mr.Mindah uik bian”
“Ayam di-sembeleh oleh Bapak Mindah tadi malam.
B (p) : Manok tegorok uik bian
GS-chiken PASS-slaughtered ADV.T-last night
“The chicken was slaughtered last night”
“Ayam disembeleh tadi malam”
In sentence 1A(a) is the active voice and 2A(p) is correspondence passive when “Manok” is the receiver of the action or object is promoting to subject to form passive 2A(p). Amaq Mindah as the doer of the action or the initial subject demoted into agentive adjunct as “isiq” phrase preposition in Sasak. The verb takes /te-/ prefix but the “isiq” Phrase in another sentence is deleted 2B(p). In Sasak doesn’t need to use the auxiliary verb such like English but it has affixes (Prefix, Infix, Suffix, Circumfix).
b). The subject of the active clause is expressed in the agentive adjunct in the passive clause
Manok tegorok uik bian
PRON-Chicken PASS-Slaughter last night
“The chicken was slaughtered” = “Ayam itu saya sembeleh”
c). The subject of active clause is expressed in obligatory agent but without a preposition in the passive clause.
d). The verb in the passive clause can be marked passive or unmarked
Aku tekakoq isiq ulah
3SG-I ACT-Bite-INT by Snake
I was bitten by the snake = Saya digigit sama ular
In this case verb in the passive clause, marked /te-/ prefix in tekakok
2.14.1 Canonical Passives
Canonical passives in Indonesian are marked by the presence of di- prefix on the verbs and the agentive adjunct can be optionally omitted.Sasak canonical passive are marked with /te-/ prefix on the verb and followed by “isiq” phrase but it is sometimes optionally omitted with out changing the meaning.. The passive form can be postclitict with /-n/, /-m/ on the verb or with out an agentive adjunct, but it is different with Javanese canonical passive, in Javanese it is marked with /di-/ on the verb.
We sometimes found any similarities between Sasak and Javanese but it’s syntactically and morphologically, especially passive voices are different. Notice the example bellow;
1. A: Wahid tulis surat etoa*
3SG ACT-write DO-letter DET-itu
“Wahid wrote the letter”
“Wahid menulis surat”
p: Surat etoa tetulis isiq Wahid
GS-letter DET-that PASS-write by Phrase 3SG-PRON
“The letter was written by Wahid”=”Surat itu ditulis wahid”
2. A: Muhid tulis (nulis) surat ikuwf
3SG-Muhid ACT-menulis-TRAN DO- letter that
“Muhid wrote that letter” = “Muhid menulis surat itu”
P: Surat iku ditulis dening muhid
GS-letter DET-that PASS-write by-PHRASE 3SG-PRON
“That letter was written by Muhid”=”Surat itu ditulis Muhid”
In Sasak meriak-meriku usually used /te-/ prefix in passive construction and followed by isiq phrase, in Javanese /de-/ prefix followed by dening phrase.
2.14.2 Inverted Passives
Inverted passive is identical with the active form in the word order, except the verb is unmarked passive or without a prefix and there is no agentive adjunct after the basic verb (Hanafi;2003).
2.14.3 Accidental Passives
Accidental passives in Indonesian take ter-prefix to mark the verb. This section examines accidental passive across language that used in sasak language. Some properties of accidental passives are the existence of / ke-../, /te-../ prefix.
1. Kanaq eto *ken-dait-an mangan
3SG-Child DEM PASS-meet eating
“The child was found eating” = “Anak itu ditemukan lagi makan”
2. Ami te-lampar uiq bian
3SG-Ami PASS-crash -VI ADV-time
“Ami got crashed last night” = “Ami ditabrak tadi malam”
2.14.4 Adversative passives
Adversative passives in Indonesian use circumfix ke- -an and ka- -an to mark the passive verbs. And it is almost same as found in Sasak language. The passive are marked with circumfix / ke-…-an/. E.g. Yuli ke-ndait-an leq bali
In this case, /ke-…-an/ is marked adversative passive and used preposition leq after verb marking to make clearly about the action. Another example for adversative passive that used circumfix as /te-…-an/ where noun can be marked in a verb: kedek [ Te-kedek-an]
2.13. Previous of the Study
The writer has developed this research really on the thesis entitled “Passive Voice of Meriak-Meriku Dialect a Case Study at Sukarara Central Lombok by Lalu Darwati; 02.411.103, Sasak, Working Papers in Sasakl Volume 2 by Peter K. Austin, and the ”book entitled “ Syntax “, by Prof. Nurrahman Hanafi.
In completing this research, the writer thought it is not enough obtaining the data from several books merely, so the writer tried studying and understanding such books which have much relationship to this research, and put that as the fulfilment of this assignment.
2.14. Source of Information
The writer acquired the data and information, which are needed in completing the research, are from books, Internet and informants.
The data taken from several books such as;
Theory Linguistic Chomsky and TL Werinke, kearah satu teori bahasa yang lebih sempurna,
Pengantar linguistik umum (Ferdinand de saussure),
Linguistik bandingan nusantara (Shaleh Saidi),
Pengantar sosiologi Bahasa (A Chaedar Alwasilah),Prinsip dan metode linguistik historis (Abdul Sukur Ibrahim,Matious Syamsudin)
Reramputan Pelajaran Bahasa Sasak SD kelas 3 dan 4 (H. L. MuhamadAzhar,S.H)
Linguistik Umum (Abdul Chaer:2003)
Fakta-fakta Tentang Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat (Manggaukang Raba-Asmawati;2002)
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Subject of the Study
The subject of the study is at Petak, Batujai, Praya Barat Central Lombok. As this research is aimed at finding out the form of passive voice, the writer needs to do investigation by analyzing form of passive voice.
3.2. Population of the Study
The writer tries presenting any explanation about population from an expert Hadi (1980:220), he stated that population is a number of people that have at least the same characteristic. Then, in this research the writer tries to emphasize the research is focused on the population with several considerations such as; age, education, gender, etc.
3.3. Method of Collecting Data
The data that will be presented in this discussion was obtained from note taking.
3.3.1 Note Taking
The source of information is the community of Petak village, which called informants. The aimed of this method is at knowing the form of language grammatical that will appear on social interactions. And to discover the forms of passive construction, which appear in daily communication among the users of Sasak language. This method will also help the writer in arranging the material easier. Then the writer, tries taking note from the conversation. Beside that the writer also used some articles of Sasak and the books that have relationship toward the data analysis.
3.4. Research Design
Analyzing passive voice in Sasak especially “Meriak-meriku” dialect is not easy, since Lombok has different form of dialect. Generally, in doing this research the writer uses technique qualitative, for it tries discussing or analyzing the passive construction in Sasak language.
3.5. Data Collecting
The writer used a descriptive qualitative method in completing the research. The materials or data collected by having several steps below;
1. Findings the books that related to the research
2. Reading the contents of the books
3. Understanding the contents of
4. Listing of the data needed.
5. Consulting to the advisor and also informants.
6. Arranging the collecting data or materials accurately in accordance to the problems of the study.
3.6. Data Analysis
The data of this research is gathered through the techniques above and are transcribed and then analyzed them. The transcription is accompanied by the ways of how the words are uttered by the usedrs of Sasak Language in Petak, Batujai. Likewise the data that obtained note taking will be analyzed in the same way. This research will also use the descriptive method proposed by Arikunto (1993) in analyzing the data. Descriptive method is the step of analyzing the data suggested by Danim. According to Sudrawan Danim, synthesizing the data, finding the patterns, searching for the main problem and giving conclusion are some steps of analyzing qualitative data.
Finally, after all the data was collected, the writer tried to analyze the passive construction to discover the forms of passive constructions in Sasak. For further, about the problem statement, it will be presented in result and discussion in the following chapter.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Traditionally, passive voice can be described as counterpart of an active voice (Blake; 1990: Dixon; 1994). In the active sentences, the agent is marked as the subject (S) and the patient is as the object (O), both by word order and the agreement of the subject and the verb (Palmer; 1994).
This chapter deals with Sasak language passive properties as stated in the previous chapter, which will be analysed to prove or to answer the research questions proposed in the chapter one. However, before the writer comes into the discussion, it is better to present some elements that build up the sentences, to avoid misinterpreting of the sentence.
The List of The Verb:
Prefix/Suffix/Circumfix Verb Passive Meaning Explanation
Te-
Kaken Tekaken Eat
Bace Tebace Read
Pelai-c1 Tepelaik Run 1Phonem /c/ may change into /k/ in passive construction with out changing the meaning
Buka Tebuka Open
Paling Tepaling Mencuri
Tumplak Tetumplak Pour The word tumplak may appear in the form of petumplak in a sentence
Nyanyi Tenyanyi Sing
Jawab Tejawab Answer
Petukul Tepetukul Sit/Seated
Talet Tetalet Plant
Ketuan Teketuan Ask The word ketuan may appear in the form of beketuan in a sentence with out changing the meaning
Lamper Telamper Crash
Ketèk Teketèk Sprinkle
Lukiq Telukiq Peel
Bau Tebau Pick up The verb bau may appear in the form of pembauq in a sentence with out changing the meaning. And in the passive construction it will create different kinds of verb depends on the grammatical subject, notice the used of it in the 4.4 of 3 P (a1) and (a2) page ….
Bilin Tebilin Leave
Tunuq Tetunuq Burn/Fire
Ke- Sapu Kesapu Sweep
Ke-..-an Madiq Kemadiqan Leave
Teriq Keteriqan Fall
Ken-…-an Dait Kendaitan Find Circumfix ke-…-an is suspected derived from prefix ke-..,and it is actually as same as prefix ke-
Te-...-an Ketuan Teketuan Ask The word ketuan may appear in the form of beketuan in a sentence with out changing the meaning
Nyanyi Tenyanyian Sing
Te-…-in Ketek Teketekin Sprinkle
Nyanyi Tenyanyian Sing
4.1 ‘Te’ with Passive Construction
Before dealing a lot to the ‘te’ that is used to mark passive verb, the writer presents some meaning of the ‘te’ to prevent the readers from misunderstanding or misinterpreting. The writer found ‘te’ construction with different meaning in some sentences. Notice the function of ‘Te’ bellow:
1. ‘Te’ is functioning as the explanative there
Notice each sentence bellow that shows the function of the ‘Te’ as the explanative there, the function of ‘Te’ in both active or passive they will not create different meaning.
Example;
a) Te taoq- m petukul aric -m
ADV.P-there PRON-2PL ACT-seat 3SG-litle brother POSS PRON-2PL
b) Petukul aric -m te
ACT-seat 3SG-litle brother PRON-2PL ADV.P-there
There seated your little brother / seated your little brother there
Seated your little brother there! = Dudukkan adikmu disana!
2. ‘Te’ is functioning as the personal pronoun
Notice each sentence bellow that shows the function of the ‘Te’ as the personal pronoun, the function of ‘Te’ in both active or passive they will not create different meaning.
Example;
Te saq benyanyi uiq bian, yeh?
2PL-you REL-that ACT-sing ADV.T-last night, QT-isn’t it?te
You sang a song last night, didn’t you?
Note: The inconsistency use of Te in Sasak Language. Te may appear at any conversation in daily activities, the appearance of Te is actually to avoid misunderstanding in taking conversation for known or unknown people dealing with social strata.
3. ‘Te’ is functioning as the passive marking on the verb
Notice each sentence bellow that shows the function of the ‘Te’ as the passive marking, the function of ‘Te’ in both active or passive they
Example:
Aiq te- tumplak isiq inaq-n Aji kun bong
Water (GS) PASS-pour by phrase 3SG-poss 3SG PREP-in ADV.P-jar
“The water was poured by Aji’s mother”
“Air di-tuang oleh ibu-nya Aji di kendi”
4.2 “Isiq” Construction
Example;
a) Aiq te- tumplak isiq1 inaq-n Aji kun bong
Water (GS) PASS-pour by phrase 3SG-poss PRON- 3SG PREP-in ADV.P- jar
“The water was poured by Aji’s mother”
“Air di-tuang oleh ibu-nya Aji di kendi”
b) Uk pekecelep ember baruk isiq2 batu
1SG-I ACT-sink-TRAN DO-bucket ADV.T-just now by-PHRASE IO-stone
Note;
Isiq sometimes appears twice in the sentence as it functions as; Agent and Instrument, with different meaning and different function. Look at the two sentences (a), (b) above. Isiq1 represented the agent who did the action of tumplak aiq (pour water). But Isiq2 represented an instrument that makes batu kecelep (stone is sinking), and it is as equal as with in English.
4.3 The Form of Passive Construction
After the writer analyzed the form of passive construction in Sasak, the writer found four kinds of passive, are:
4.3.1 Canonical Passive in the form of Te-.., and Te-…-an in the verb
4.3.2 Inverted Passive, which the form of verb in active may the same as in active verb
4.3.3 Accidental Passive in the form of te-, te- -in ,ke-, ken-an, etc
4.3.4 Adversative Passive in the form of confix ke- -an, whereas the Sasak may involve confix ke(n)- -an, and the confix te- -(an1)in as given in the examples in 4.7 bellow;
4.4 Sasak Canonical Passives
As in other languages of Indonesia; sundanese for instance, to form passive voice is usually marked with prefix di- , but in Sasak it is commonly marked with prefix te- in the verb. And it is followed by isiq phrase and it is optional function, it is as equal as oleh phrase in Bahasa Indonesia or by phrase in English.
Notice the examples bellow:
1.A: Inaq-n Aji tumplak aiq kun bong
3SG-poss 3SG ACT-pour-TRAN DO- water PREP-into ADV.P- jar
Mother Aji pour water into jar
“Aji’s mother poured the water into the jar”
“Ibu-nya Aji menuang air di kendi”
P: Aiq te- tumplak isiq inaq-n Aji kun bong
Water (GS) PASS-pour by phrase 3SG-poss 3SG PREP-in ADV.P-jar
“The water was poured by Aji’s mother”
“Air di-tuang oleh ibu-nya Aji di kendi”
Aiq inaq-n Aji tumplak-h
Water Aji’s mother poured
Note :
In the example (1) A is marked for active sentence and P is marked for passive sentence. In sentence A aiq (water) is the object of the sentence, because it follows verb tumplak (menuangkan), which may appear in the form of petumplak but the meaning will remain the same. So the passive construction of tumplak is tetumplak and petumplak becomes tepetumplak. And when it is in the passive sentence, aiq itself is promoted into grammatical subject. And the subject inaq in active sentence is demoted into prep.phrase after isiq phrase as given in the sentence P above.
Other examples are given bellow:
2.A: Gazali be-ketuan-(an) soal lek gurur
3SG-I ACT-ask-TRAN DO-question PREP-to IO-3SG-teacher
“Gazali asked the question to the teacher”
“Gazali menanyakan soal kepada guru”
P: Soal te-ketuan-an isiq Gazali
Answer (GS) PASS-ask by-phrase 3SG-Prep.Phrase-Per.Pron
“The question was asked by Gazali”
“Soal di-tanya oleh Gazali
Soal Gazali ketuan-h
The answer Gazali asked
Note:
Notice the form of the verb ketuan above, it may have other form of verb like beketuan but they will not create different meaning. One should be underlined that both ketuan or beketuan will have the same form in passive construction is that teketuan or teketuanan.
3.A: Ali pem-bauq Yuli paok
3SG ACT-take IO-3SG-Yuli DO-mango
“Ali took a mango for Yuli”
“Ali memetik mangga untuk Yuli”
P: (a1)Paoq te-bau isiq Ali
GS-mango PASS-take by-phrase 3SG-Prep.Phrase
(a2)Yuli te-pembauq paoq isiq Ali
IO-3SG-Yuli PASS-take DO-mango by-phrase 3SG-Prep.Phrase
“The mango was picked by Ali”
“Mangga di-petik oleh Ali”
Paoq Ali bau
Mangga Ali picked
Note:
Notice the form of the active verb of pembauq is as same as the word bau in the table above; it will create two types of passive construction in different kinds of passive marking. First, (a1) is the form of tebau and the unique is phonem /q/ must be omitted, if the gramatical subject is noun (things). And the second, (a2) is in the form of tepembauq,This will be occurred if the grammatical subject is human being.
4.5 Inverted Passives
In Sasak language, the verb of inverted passive sometimes may raise in the same form between active and passive verb as given in no (1A versus Bb1 passive and a2 versus b2 ) bellow, one should be underlined is the object or subject; nie can be raised in the form of ie (Nie-ie) and used for third singular person (He / She) only (1SG).
1.A: Yuli jawab // soal
3SG-Subject ACT-answer question-Object
“Yuli (she) answered the question”
“Dia menjawab soal”
P: (a1) Soal te-jawab (n)ie
GS-question PASS-answer 3SG-prep.phrase
“The question was answered by her”
“Soal di jawab (oleh)-nya”
(b1) Soal (n)ie jawab
GS 3SG answer
“The question, she answered”
Note:
The word soal in the (Pb1) above possessed function as a grammatical subject, and the position is before subject; she [(n)ie]. Other examples, which have the same forms of verb are given bellow;
(a2) Muhid lukiq paok
3SG ACT-open O-mango
“Muhid peeled a mango”
“Muhid mengupas mango”
(b2) Paok Muhid lukiq
GS 3SG-Subject
“The mango, Muhid peeled”
2. A: Nie be-dengah musik (sound of radio)
3SG-s/he ACT-listen-TRANS abstract N-music (sound of radio)
“He/she listened (to) music”
“Dia mendengar musik”
P: Nie dengah musik (sound)
3SG listen abstract N
4.6 Accidental Passives
In this part of passive construction, especially on accidental passive of Sasak could be identified by notifying some prefix properties such as; te-, te- -in ,ke-, ken-an, and those prefixes mark the verbs in Sasak, as given in the examples bellow;
1. (a1) Ami te-lampar uiq bian
3SG-Ami PASS-crash -VI ADV-time
“Ami got crashed last night”
(a2) Nie pade te- ketek-in minyak
3PL-They PASS-sprinkle oil
“They were sprinkled on by oil”
(b1) Dompet tiang ke-teriq-an
SG 1SG-poss PASS-fall
“My purse was fallen / My purse got fallen”
(b2) Kanaq eto 1ken-dait-an mangan
3SG-Child DEM PASS-meet eating
“The child was found eating”
Note:
1.The verb that marked by confix ken- -an like ken-dait-an is also called passive. And prefix ken- in the sentence above is derivated from prefix ke, and added with suffix –en at the end of the verb. And the same case also happened in the sentence (a2) above.
4.7 Adversative Passives
In this discussion, he writer will show that adversative passives in Sasak are almost same as in Indonesian. Which is marked with a confix ke- -an, whereas the Sasak may involve confix ke(n1)- -an, and the confix te- -in as given in the examples bellow;
1. Nie pade te- ketek-in minyak
3PL-They PASS-sprinkle-LOC oil
“They were sprinkled on by oil”
2. Dompet kendaitan isiq Mujriah
3SG-Purse PASS-found PREP-by
“The purse was found by Mujriah”
Note:
(n)1 The prefix ken- may create adversative passive as prefix ke- does. And the prefix ken- is suspected deriving from suffix ke- itself the appears of phonem /n/ in the word kendaitan above doesn’t affect the meaning. The same problem may happen in the confix te- - an. As in the example 1(b) above it uses confix te- -in. the function of suffixes -an and -in are same in the sentence.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After considering the previous chapter, the writer can come to the conclusion and conclude that the form of passive construction that found in Sasak are: The canonical passives can be formed by putting the prefix te-. In the inverted passives might be formed by putting prefix te-, or even un-marked. In the accidental passives occurred by adding prefix te-, and confix (circumfix) te- -in, ke- -an, ken- -an in the verbs. And to identify the adversative passive in Sasak might be noticed the additional of circumfix ke- an,te- an/in in the verbs. And to form passive construction in Sasak must be put those kinds of prefix, suffix and confix in the verb.
In the passive construction, the direct object of the ‘isiq’ construction is adjunct phrase. The verbal predicate gets the prefix /te/ that indicates passive construction. Where the agent is indicated with the phrase preposition of ‘isiq’ or ‘by’ phrase then followed by a NP. The ‘isiq’ phrase in the passive construction sometimes can be omitted
In Sasak language to have a form of passive, there are some elements that could be considered in the sentences. First of all, passive on Sasak can be made by ‘te’ construction that is signed by verb marking. Secondly, passive could be made by ‘isiq’ construction in adjunct phrase.
5.2 Suggestions
The writer knows that passive construction is one of the structure forms. This investigation related to the grammatical form of sentences. It is difficult to find the grammatical of Sasak language but after investigating and analyzing the form of passive in Sasak that supported by the theory, the writer is easier in overcoming the problems that come up. This thesis is not perfect yet, and the writer therefore would like to suggest:
1. Readers in general
Passive is one of the structure forms in all of the language, the writer suggests the readers to develop their own language to keep the culture one of the step that should be done is by doing research on this language (Sasak). And hopefully, this simple research can assist other researcher in doing research, which have similar topic.
2. Students
As the students of Language and art, keeping exist our language is an obligatory, the writer exceptionally suggest all the students especially the students of IKIP Mataram to keep care toward any kind of the language. And to do so, the students should do more things such as: digging out the knowledge of linguistics like; Syntax, Semantics, Phonology, Morphology and others, because those could worthily help you to do investigation or research of language.
3. Teachers/Lectures
To the teachers or lecturers especially who chaired linguistics lesson, please share all your knowledge to your students, because it is valuable indeed.
4. Librarian
To library attendant, all kinds of books or references are very worth for us so you should put your data such as: references, books, etc into computer in order the students do not have any difficulties in finding book or reference that they need. And serve more books in the library.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwasilah, A Chaedar: Linguistik Umum, Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa; 2003
Azhar, Muhammad, Lalu. Reramputan Bahasa Sasak Untuk Kelas 3 dan 4 SD: PT.Intan Pariwara: 2002; Pribahasa Ungkapan dan Istilah Sasak;2000; Reramputan Pelajaran Bahasa Sasak Untuk SMP Kelas I/III;1996. Mataram: Agung Perdana
Chomsky and TL Werinke Theory Linguistic, Kearah Satu Teori Bahasa yang Lebih Sempurna
Departemen Pendidikan dan kebudayaan,1994. Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Pendidikan Dasar Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jakarta: Proyek Peningkatan Mutu dan Pelaksanaan Wajib Belajar SLTP
--------. 1994. Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Pendidikan Dasar Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat-Pedoman Pelaksanaan.Mataram: Kantor Wilayah Depdikbud Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat:2000
De Saussure Ferdinand; Pengantar Linguistik umum
Ibrahim, Abdul Sukur, Matious Syamsudin;Prinsip dan metode linguistik historis
K.Austin, Peter; Sasak,Working Papers in Sasak,Vol.2: Dept. of Linguistics & Applied Linguistics The University of Melbourne Australia.
Manggaukang Raba-Asmawati; Fakta-fakta Tentang Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat; 2002
Nazir Thoir, Nengah Medera, Sistem Perulangan Bahasa Sasak; 1984
Saidi, Shaleh; Linguistik Bandingan Nusantara
Suparman, heru Susanto,dkk.; Pemetaan Bahasa-bahasa di NTB;1987
http://www.yahoo.com/www.sscnet.ucla.edu/aasc/unz/langacq.htm/
www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/papers/py104/pinker.langacq.htm,
www.odur.let.rug.nl/lacrystal.htm,
www.books.cabridge.org/0521317029,
www.evergrenn.edu/ecei/reports/2 langlrners.doc
ABREVIATIONS
1 = First
2 = Second
3 = Third
SG = Single
PL = Plural
A = Active Sentence
P = Passive Sentence
PASS = Passive
ACT = Active
LOC = Locative
PREP = Preposition
DEM = Demonstrative Pronoun
ADJ = Adjective
N = Noun
O = Object
DO = Direct Object
IO = Indirect Object
= Zero Marker
S = Subject
GS = Gramatical Subject
V = Verb
VI = Verb Intransitive
VT = Verb Transitive
PHRASE = Phrase
PRON = Pronoun
ACT = Active Verb
PASS = Passive Verb
TRAN = Transitive
DET = Determiner
INT = Intransitive
INTR = Introgative
POSS PRON = Possessive Pronoun
QT = Question Tag
REL = Relative Pronoun
PER PRON = Persona;l Pronoun
ADV = Adverb
ADV.P = Adverb of Place
ADV.T = Adverb of Time
ADV.M = Adverb of Manner
IMP = Imperative Sentence
EXCL = Exclamative Sentence
NP = Noun Phrase
VP = Verb Phrase
ADJ.P = Adjective Phrase
DEC = Declarative Sentence
BIOGRAPHY
Name : Abdul Muhid,A.Md
Place & Date of Birth : Petak, Batujai Praya Barat-15th July 1983
Address : Petak, Batujai Praya Barat Central Lombok
Hand Phone : 081 757 613 83
Religion : Islam
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